Effectiveness of forgiveness training on mental health of mothers of children with behavioral disorder

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 M.A. student in Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Varamin-Pishva, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Education, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun Branch, Kazerun, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic education, Islamic Azad University, Maku Branch, Maku, Iran.

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Social Science, Islamic Azad University, BandarAbbas Branch, BandarAbbas, Iran

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the effect of forgiveness training on mental health of mothers of children with behavioral disorder. The present study was an experimental research by pre-test, post-test design with control group. The study sample included 32 mothers of children with behavioral disorder who were selected by random sampling method from elementary schools of Tehran city and randomly assigned to experimental and control group (each consisted of 16 individuals). The experimental group participated in 8 forgiveness training sessions (two sessions weekly; each lasted for 60 minutes), while control group did not participate in these sessions. The research tool used in present study was Goldberg and Hiller's General Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple analysis of covariance through SPSS version 23. The findings of this research showed that there was significant decrease in mean scores of general health problems (somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression) in experimental group after the intervention in comparison with control group (p < 0.0001). The forgiveness training led to improvement of the mental health of mothers of children with behavioral disorder. Therefore, specific educational and rehabilitation program is needed in order to increase general health of mothers of children with behavioral disorder.

Keywords

References

Akhtar, S. and Barlow, J. (2016). Forgiveness therapy for the promotion of mental well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. Mar 23.
Asia, S. G., Olson, D. H. and David, H. (2006). Five types of marriage; an empirical typology based on ENRICH. Fam J, 1: 196-207.
Backus, L. N. (2009). Establishing links between desecration, forgiveness and marital quality during pregnancy [dissertation]. [Ohio]: Bowling green State University.
Berry, J. W. and Worthington, E. L. (2001). Forgivingness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 4: 447-455.
Bharath, S. and Kishore-Kumar, K. V. (2010). Empowering adolescents with life skills education in schools-school mental health program: Does it work? Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4): 344-349.
Bulgan, C., and Ciftci, A. (2017). Psychological adaptation, marital satisfaction, and academic self-efficacy of international students. Journal of International Students, 7(3): 687-702.
Cradoc, C. A. E. (2007). Relationship between attitudinal similarity couples satisfaction in married and defector couples. Australian J psychol, 43: 11-16.
Carr, A. (2004). Positive psychology. Handbook of psychology. New York: Brunuen-Rutledge press.
Chan, D. W. (2013). Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. TEACH TEACH EDU, 32: 22-30.
Cook, B. G and Ruhaak, A. E. (2014). Causalityand emotional or behavioral disorders: An introduction. In P. Garner. J. M. Kauffman, and J. G. E. Elliott (Eds.), Sage Handbook of emotional and behavioral Difficulties (2nd ed.) (pp. 97-108). London: Sage Publications.
Everett, L. and Worthington, Jr.(2005). Handbook of forgiveness. 1st ed. New York: Routledge, 1-81.
Fiamenghi, G. A., Vedovato, A. G., Meirelles, M. C., and Shimoda, M. E. (2010). Mothers interaction with their disabled infants: two case studies. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 28 (2): 191-199.
Furlong, M. J., Morrison, G. M. and Jimerson, S. (2004). Externalizing behaviors of aggression and violence and the school context. In R. B. Rutherford, M. M. Quinn and S. R. Mathur (Eds.), Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders (pp. 243-261). ). New York: Guilford.
Galderisi, S., Heins, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J. and Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward a new definition of mental health. World Psychiatry, 14(2): 231-233.
Gresham, F. M. and Kerner, L. (2004). Internalizing behavioral problems in children and adolescents. In R. B. Rutherford, M. M. Quinn, and S. B. Mathur (Eds.), Handbook of research in emotional and behavioral disorders (pp. 262-281). New York: Guilford.
Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J. M. and Pullen, P. C. (2015). Exceptional learners: an introduction to special education (13th Ed). Published by Pearson Education, Inc.
Harris, A. H. S., Luskin, F., Norman, S. B., Standard, S., Bruning, J. and Evans, S. (2006). Effects of a group forgiveness intervention on forgiveness, perceived stress, and trait anger. J Clin Psychol, 62(6): 715 -733.
Hayes, L., Matthews, J., Copely, A. and Welsh, D. (2008). A randomized Controlled trial of a mother infant or toddler parenting program: Demonstrating effectiveness in practice. Journal of pediatric psychology, 33(5): 473-486.
Jeyagurunathan, A., Vaingankar, J. A., Abdin, E., Sambasivam, R., Seow, E., Pang, S., Picco, L., Chong, S. A. and Subramaniam, M. (2017). Gender differences in positive mental health among individuals with schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 74: 88-95.
Kirk, S., Gallagher, G. and Coleman, M. R. (2015). Educating Exceptional Children (14th Ed). Cengage Learning, Printed in the United States of America.
Lambert, N., Fincham, F. D., Dewall, N. C., Pond, R. and Beach, S. R. (2013). Shifting toward cooperative tendencies and forgiveness: how partner focused prayer transforms motivation. Personal Relationships, 20(1): 184-197.
Lawler-Row, K. A. and Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: describing a life well lived? Personality and Individual Differences, 41,1009-1020.
McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D. and Tsang, J. A. (2003). Forgiveness, forbearance and time: the temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations. J Pers Soc Psychol, 84: 540-557.
McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L. and Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2): 321-336.
Menahem, S. and Love, M. (2013). Forgiveness in psychotherapy: the key to healing. J Clin Psychol, 69(8): 829-835.
Ransley, C. and Spy, T. (2004). Forgiveness and the healing process: A clnical therapeutic concern. NewYork: Brunner- Routledge.
Richards, P. S. (2016). Psychotherapy and religious values: Remembering Allen E. Bergin’s Legacy. Open Theology, 2: 876-880.
Rye, M. S. and Pargament, K. I. (2002). Forgiveness and romantic relationships in college: Can it heal the wounded heart? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58:419-441.
Shapiro, A. F., Gottman, J. M. and Carrere, S. (2000). The baby and the marriage: Identifying factors that buffer against decline in marital satisfaction after the first baby arrives. J Fam Psychol, 14(1): 59-70.
Shu, C. Y. and Lazatkhan J. (2017). Effect of leader-member exchange on employee envy and work behavior moderated by self-esteem and neuroticism, Revista de Psicología Del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, In Press, Corrected Proof.
Stuifbergen, A. K., Seraphine, A. and Roberts, G. (2000). An explanatory model of health promotion and quality of life in chronic disabling conditions. Nurs Res, 49(3): 122-129.
World Health Organization (2014). Promoting mental health. A report of the world health organization, Department of mental health and substance abuse in collaboration with the Victorian health promoting foundation and the University of Melbourne Geneva, Switzerland.
Zechmeister, J. S. and Romero, C. (2002). Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict: autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and un-forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(4): 675-686.
 
 
Empowering Exceptional Children
Volume 9, Issue 1
September 2018
Pages 41-50

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 September 2018
  • Accept Date: 10 September 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics