Comparison of Cognitive and Affective Empathy Between Children with Externalized Behavioral Disorder and Normal Children: Considering the Role of gender

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 M A in Clinical Child and Adolescent psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz , Tabriz, Iran.

2 Professor of Psychology department, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare cognitive and affective empathy (Hot - Cold) between children with externalized behavioral disorder and normal children by considering the role of gender. The method of this study was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population included all primary school students (8 to 12 years old) in Tabriz in the 2018- 2019 academic year. From this population, 100 children with externalized behavioral disorder (50 girls and 50 boys) and 100 normal children (50 girls and 50 boys) were selected by random multistage cluster sampling model using the CSI-4 teacher form questionnaire. In order to measure cognitive and affective empathy, Dads empathy scale was used. The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that cognitive and affective empathy in children with externalized behavioral disorders is different from normal children (p<0/05,F=15/10) also cognitive and affective empathy are different between girls and boys (p<0/05,F=34/79). According to the results, cognitive and a ffective empathy are weaker in children with externalized behavioral disorders than in normal children and girls had better performance in cognitive and affective empathy than boys.These findings help to better understand this disorder and variety of therapies.

Keywords

References

 
Baron – Cohen, S., Lutchmaya, S., Knickmeyer, R. (2004). Prenatal testosterone in mind: amniotic fluid studies. MIT Press.
Baron – Cohen. (2009). Autism: the empathizing systemizing (E-S) theory. J cogn Neurosci, 1156(1), 68-80.
Battagliese, G., Caccetta, M., Luppino, O. L., Baglioni, C., Cardi, V., Mancini, F., & Buonanno, C. (2015). Cognitive_behavioral therapy for externalizing disorder: A meta_analysis of treatment effectiveness. Behavior Research and Therapy, 75, 60_71.
Bishop, S. A., Okagbue, H. I., & Odukoya, J. A. (2020). Statistical analysis of childhood and early adolescent externalizing behaviors in a middle low income country. Heliyon, 6(2), e03377.
Christopher, C., Saunders, R., Jacobvitz, D., Burton, R., Hazen, N. (2013). Maternal empathy and changes in mother's permissivenss as predictors of toddler's early social competrnce with peers: A parenting intervention study. Journal of child and family studies, 22(6), 769 – 778.
Christov-Moore, L., Simpson, E.A., Coude, G., Grigaityte, K., Iacoboni, M., Ferrari, P.F. (2014). Empathy ender effects in brain and behavior. Neuroscl Biobehav Rev. 46, 27-604.
Cristofani, C., Sesso, G., Cristofani, P., Fantozzi, P., Inguaggiato, E., Muratori, P., ... & Ruglioni, L. (2020). The Role of Executive Functions in the Development of Empathy and Its Association with Externalizing Behaviors in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Other Psychiatric Comorbidities. Brain Sciences, 10(8), 489.‏
Cuff, B. M.P., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A review of concept. Emotion review, 8, 144-153.
Dadds, M,R., Hunter, K., Hawes, D., Frost, A. J., Vassallo,S., Bunn, p., Merz, S., El Masry, Y. (2008).Measurement of empathy in children using parental ratings. Child psychiatry and human development, 39 (2), 111-122.
Dejko–Wańczyk, K., Janusz, B., & Józefik, B. (2020). Understanding the Externalizing Behavior of School-Age Boys: The Role of a Mother’s Mentalization and Attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(1), 155-166.
Deschamps, P. K., Verhulp, E. E., & Matthys, W. (2018). Proactive aggression in early school-aged children with externalizing behavior problems: A longitudinal study on the influence of empathy in response to distress. The American journal of orthopsychiatry, 88(3), 346-353.‏
Deschamps, P.K.H., Been, M. Matthys, W. (2014). Empathy and empathy induced prosocial behavior in 6 – and 7 – years- old with autism spectrum disorder. Journal autism dev disord, 44(7).
Dose, C., Hautmann, C., & Doepfner, M. (2016). Functional Impairment in Children With Externalizing Behavior Disorders: Psychometric Properties of the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent Report in a German Clinical Sample. J. atten. disord.‏
Gambin, M., & Sharp, C. (2016).The differential relations between emathay and intrrnalizing and externalizing sympoms in inpatient adolescents. Child psychiatry & human development. 47(1), 966-974.
Hossa, M., Volckaet, A., Grosbois, N. N. & Noel, M. (2017). Differential impoct of on excutive function and a social cognition training on preschoolers with externalizing behavior problems. Journal of behavioral and brain science, 7, 598-620.
Ibanez, A., Huepe, D., Gempp, R., Gutierrez, V., Riverra – Rei, A., Toledo, M.I. (2013). Empathay, sex and fluid intelligence as predictors of theory of mind. pwrs Individ Dif. 54(5), v21 – 616.
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D.P. (2011). is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? Journal of adolescence, 34, 59-71.
Laghi, F., Lonigro, A., Pallini, S., & Baiocco, R. (2018). Emotion Regulation and Empathy: Which Relation with Social Conduct?. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 179(2), 62-70.‏
Landers, A. L., Bellamy, J. L. Danes, S.M., & Hawk, S. W. (2017). Internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems of American indian children in the child welfare system. Children and youth services review. 81, 413 – 421.
Leaper, C. (2015). Gender and social – cognitive development.In R.M. Lerner(Ed). Handbook of child psychiligy and development science (7 th ed. pp 1-47). New jersey, Us: John wiley & Sons.
Marton,L., Wiener, J., Rogers,M. Moore, CH., & Tannochock.R. (2009). Empathy and social perspective taking in children with ADHD. Abnorm child psychol.37,107-118.
Milone, A., Cerniglia, L., Cristofani, Ch., Inguaggiato, E., Levantini, V., Masi, G., paciello, M., Simone, F., & Muratorio, p. (2019). Empathay in youths with conduct disorder and callous- unemotional traits. Neural plasticity. ID 9638973.
Morosan, L., Ghisletta, P., Badoud, D., Toffel, E., Eliez, S., Debbane, M. (2020). Logitudinal relationship between reflective functioning, empathay, and externalizing behaviors during adolescence and young adulthood. Child psychiatry & human development. 51(1), 59-70.
Olber, E., Tobon, A., Laroso, A., Tammayo,V.R., Isabel, C. & Lopera, P. (2018).empathic skills and theory of mind inb female adlescents with counduct disorder. Brazilian joural of psychiatry. 40, 78-82
Paz, Y., Orlitsky, T., Roth-Hanania, R., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Davidov, M. (2020). Predicting externalizing behavior in toddlerhood from early individual differences in empathy. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry.‏
Romer-Lopez, M. Quesada-conde, A. B. Alvarez, G. & Justicia- Arraez,A. (2017). The relationship between executive functions and externalizing behavior problems in early childhood education. procedia – social and behavioral scinces.778-783.
Sigelman, C. K, & Rider, E.A. (2018). Life – span human development. USA: Cengage learning.
Van der Graaff, J., Carlo, G., Crocetti, E., Koot, H.M., Branje, S. (2018). Prosocial behavior in adolescence: Gender differences in development and links with empathy. j Youth Adolescence. 47, 1086-1099.
 Vicenta Mestre, M., Samper, P., Dolores Frias, M., Maria Tur, A. (2009). Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence. The spanish journal of psychology. 12(1), 76 – 83.
Weeden, M., Wills, H. P., Kottwitz, E., & Kamps, D. (2016). The effects of a class–wid behavior intervention for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral disorders, 42(1), 285- 293.
Weltering, S., lishak,V., hodgson, N., granic, I., & zelazo, Ph. (2015). Executive function in children with externalizing and comorbid internalizing behavior problems. journal of child psychlology and psychiatry.
 
Empowering Exceptional Children
Volume 12, Issue 1
June 2021
Pages 95-104

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 21 October 2020
  • Revise Date: 02 November 2020
  • Accept Date: 17 December 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics